Math in Crime essays

Math in Crime essays There are numerous techniques used in solving crimes. Whether it is auto theft or double-homicide, math is used in a variety of ways to help bring the suspect to justice. Statistics and probability play a huge role in forensic science. Science can tell you that the trace fiber collected from the victims body came from a tan carpet. It is then discovered that the particular carpet in which the fiber originated belonged to a particular carpet that was mass-produced for the automaker Volkswagen in the mid 70s. Math will then compliment science by showing that there are only x amount of these vehicles left in the particular area in which the crime took place. It can then go on to show that the probability of the suspects vehicle being used in the crime is either extremely probable, or not at all. Hair and fibers are an excellent source of trace evidence due to the fact that they deteriorate so slowly. Hair can reveal many things such as race, drug use, possible poisoning, and also if it was forcibly removed. Statistics can prove the probability of a match between the evidence and the suspect. Dyes that are used in fibers are categorized by the chemical structure in a national registry, which can then be referred to by the technician for comparison. Looking back at the mid eighteen hundreds during the inception of original ideas used in fight crime, an innovative way of classifying individuals was brought about by a French man by the name of Bertillion. Bertillion theorized that by measuring different aspects of the human body, and documenting the results, a record could be kept on the suspected criminal to be used in identifying the individual if they were to commit another crime. A photo, along with eleven measurements including the circumference of their head, and the length of their middle finger, where placed on a card. These cards also held information such as scars, birthmarks, and color of hair as well as eyes. ...

About Architect Michael Graves and Postmodernism

About Architect Michael Graves and Postmodernism Architect Michael Graves postmodernist designs were provocative and innovative. He brought color and playfulness to tall, office buildings, while at the same time designing everyday objects such as teakettles and kitchen trashcans for ordinary consumers. Paralyzed late in life, Graves also become a spokesman for universal design and Wounded Warriors. Background: Born: July 9, 1934 in Indianapolis, Indiana Died: March 12, 2015 in Princeton, New Jersey Education: University of Cincinnati, OhioHarvard UniversityFellow at the American Academy in Rome Important Buildings and Projects: Michael Graves home, New Jersey, now part of Michael Graves College at Kean University1982: Portland Building, Portland, Oregon1983: San Juan Capistrano Library, California1985: Humana Tower, Louisville, Kentucky1987-1990: The Dolphin and Swan Hotels, Orlando, Florida1990: Denver Public Library, Denver, Colorado1991: Team Disney Building, Burbank, California1993: U.S. Post Office, Celebration, Florida1995: Engineering Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio1997: United States Federal Courthouse, Washington, DC1998-2000; 2013-2014: Washington Monument Illumination, Washington, DC2011: The Wounded Warrior Home Project at Fort Belvoir More Than Architecture: Household Designs Michael Graves has designed furnishings, artifacts, jewelry, and dinnerware for companies such as Disney, Alessi, Steuben, Phillips Electronics, and Black Decker. Graves is most famous for designing more than 100 products, ranging from a toilet brush to a $60,000 outdoor pavilion, for Target stores. Related People: Robert Venturi and Denise Scott BrownPhilip JohnsonPart of the New York Five,   subject of the MoMA exhibition and book Five Architects, along with Peter Eisenman, Charles Gwathmey,  Richard Meier and John HejdukDisney Architects Michael Graves Illness: In 2003, a sudden illness left Michael Graves paralyzed from the waist down. Confined to a wheelchair late in life, Graves combined his sophisticated and often whimsical approach to design with a deeper understanding of the importance of accessibility. Awards: 1979: Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (FAIA)1999: National Medal of Arts2001: Gold Medal, American Institute of Architects (AIA) More About Michael Graves: Michael Graves is often credited with moving American architectural thought from abstract modernism to post-modernism. Graves founded his practice in Princeton, New Jersey in 1964 and taught at Princeton University in New Jersey for 40 years. His works range from grand projects such as the Public Services Building in Portland Oregon to designs for furniture, teapots, and other household items. Borrowing heavily from the past, Graves often combined traditional details with whimsical flourishes. He was, perhaps, at his most playful when he designed the Dolphin and Swan Hotels for the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. The Dolphin Hotel is a turquoise and coral pyramid. A 63-foot-dolphin sits on top, and water cascades down the side. The Swan Hotel has a gently curved roof-line topped with 7-foot swans. The two hotels are connected by an awning-sheltered walkway over a lagoon. What Others Say About Graves: Michael couldn’t abide students who didn’t take their work seriously. But he was especially generous with those who did, and unlike most other teachers, he could draw every building he taught them. He was a consummate talent, an artist-architect, and a teacher who challenged how we think by how we see. Very few can do that. Very few ever try. Michael did try, and therein is the mark of a hero, a master of the discipline who passed on everything he knew.- Peter Eisenman, 2015 Learn More: Five Architects: Eisenman, Graves, Gwathmey, Hejduk, Meier Sources: Peter Eisenman quote from A Special Tribute to Michael Graves: 1934–2015 by Samuel Medina, Metropolis Magazine, May 2015; Michael Gravess Residence, Rejected by Princeton, Is to Be Sold to Kean University by Joshua Barone, The New York Times, June 27, 2016 at www.nytimes.com/2016/06/28/arts/design/michael-gravess-residence-rejected-by-princeton-set-for-sale-to-kean-university.html [accessed July 8, 2016]

The history of Intellectual Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The history of Intellectual Property - Essay Example The WIPO defined 'intellectual property' as "creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce." Intellectual property "is divided into two categories: industrial property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs, and geographic indications of source; and copyright, which includes literary and artistic works such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical works, artistic works such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs. Rights related to copyright include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in their recordings, and those of broadcasters in their radio and television programs." (WIPO, 1967) In simple words, intellectual property maybe called a generic term for a set of legal instruments that specify the exclusive rights granted to creators of new innovations. There are two categories of intellectual property r ights: the first, patents, copyright, industrial designs, plant breeders' rights and layout designs for integrated circuits which grant exclusive rights to new innovations and original works of authorship for a limited period.

Secular Organizations and Sacred Places Paper Research

Secular Organizations and Sacred Places - Research Paper Example National Park Service, 2011). These four American Presidents had played an important role in the creation of the democratic nation of the United States of America. This contemporary monument is admired and respected by all people holding democratic and secular beliefs. On the other hand, the Sphinx of Egypt was built nearly 6000 years ago during the reign of King Khafre (Guardian’s Sphinx, n.d.). Due to the artistic beauty and the message of love radiated by the gigantic sculpture, the Sphinx is popular among the tourists who respect democracy and secularism. The Sphinx has the body of a lion and the divine head of a king or God, which shows the combination of strength and intellect in the mythical creature (Guardian’s Sphinx, n.d.). Significance Mount Rushmore represents freedom, unification, and democracy that have been given to the American citizens by the great American Presidents (South Dakota Mount Rushmore Information, 2011). Since the busts of the American Presi dents are carved on the top of the mountain, the head is shown to be the most sacred part of the sculpture. It was the vision, planning, and successful implementation by the American Presidents who had emphasized freedom and democracy for the unified country.

Demand for Champagne in recent years Essay Example for Free

Demand for Champagne in recent years Essay The rise in demand for champagne recently can be set down to certain factors. The six determinants that will have affected the rise in demand for champagne over the last few years include: Rise in income, rise in the price of substitutes, fall in price of complements, change in tastes (in favour of champagne), increase in population and an increase in price expected. This can be broken down. Firstly, a rise in income means that people in general will have more available spending money, which can then be allocated to champagne (usually a normal good). If it is indeed a normal good, the usual rules will apply where an increase in Y (income) will mean an increase in demand. The second factor to consider is a rise in the price of substitutes. When champagne is considered, substitutes such as wine or perhaps whisky must be taken into account. If wine is not selling well, or perhaps it is a very good year for selling and the prices are allowed to rise, there will be a lower demand for wine. This drop in demand for wine will mean more available income that can possibly be spent on champagne, therefore a rise in demand for it. A fall in the price of substitutes would also increase the demand for champagne. When something is purchased and another product is necessary (or merely a want) to go hand-in-hand with it, income is needed for both. In the case of champagne, glasses are a complement. If the price of glasses falls, the money that would have been spent on the glasses can therefore be used instead for more champagne. A change in tastes can also affect the demand for champagne. If over the past few years people feel that champagne is a very prestigious drink to have with celebrations and more and more people start purchasing it, the demand for it will rise. An increase in population creates quite a simple example: more people, more consumption. The more people there are the more possible consumers to spend money on champagne. Finally, the price expected can create a rise in demand. If, for example, prices were expected to rise over the next few years, consumers in general would usually purchase champagne now as it is a good that keeps for a long time and would be a much more rational thing to do to purchase it at a cheaper price now than for a dearer price later (for the same good. )

The Practice of Law Will Allow Me to Mobilize Individuals and Communiti

The Practice of Law Will Allow Me to Mobilize Individuals and Communities Rowing is God's sport. The crisp early morning air, mist-shrouded hills, shells gliding silently on the glassy surface, oars slicing in unison. For casual observers, time slows and they become immersed in art. An ardent rower, I experience this beauty, but I also know that strength, courage and endurance command the shell, as in life. Silence. White knuckles and callused palms suffocate the oar. In anticipation, my breathing, even my pumping heart stops. Then the horn sounds. Adrenaline rips through my torso. I pull, and keep pulling, sinews stretched to breaking, every muscle screaming to quit. Concentrating only on the starting dock, I surge forward relentlessly. That dock is my beacon. I left home at sixteen. My single mother's drinking had become intolerable. Regina, my twin, was pregnant; her drug-addict boyfriend moved in. The starting horn had sounded. High school races by when you have to study, make a living, do chores, play guitar in a band, and still maintain a social life. But the independence gave me strength. There were some ironies. I had no curfew, but there wasn't much to do in Artesia, New Mexico. As my own guardian, I could sign sick slips and grade reports, and attend PTA events. I earned two varsity letters, the maximum AP credits, and enough wages to escape debt. Disregarding warnings that "fifty cents and a humanities degree could only buy a cup of coffee," I selected political science and economics, impelled by a seemingly instinctive curiosity to study the two edifices of our society. Taking to reading like breathing, I devoured Marx, Mill, Keynes, and Smith, oblivious to my r... ...ities, and setting mechanisms for coordinating these efforts nationwide, so that populations can pull themselves up by their bootstraps. I want to fight poverty and social inequity on a large scale. My plans include obtaining a law degree with a concentration in public interest law, gaining broad policy experience as a legislative advisor and eventually leading my own anti-poverty agency. But I dream of running for elected office, and winning-politics has the power to mobilize individuals, communities and nations. But who am I to dream such things? Why will I succeed? Because I am passionate? Maybe. Because I live my life like I row? Possibly. The real reason is that there will always be a part of me, Regina cleaved from the same flesh, for whom poverty is a daily struggle. Regina is my beacon. I see her in the eyes of every person I try to help.

In ‘Of Mice and Men’ Steinbeck explores the idea of the American dream Essay

The story’ Of Mice and Men’ is a novella written by John Steinbeck. Although Steinbeck writes the story in the late 1930’s, he sets it in California, Soledad, while the Great Depression was being taking place in America, which followed the Stock Market collapse of 1929, and the Californian farmers had little money to spare to pay these itinerant workers. This caused millions of workers to lose their jobs, which lead to poverty and unemployment. A lot of men could not find work and there families suffered evection and starvation. Steinbeck witnessed the hardship around him and his great novels including ‘The Grapes of Wrath’ and ‘Cannery Row’ these novels describe life during the Great Depression. ‘Of Mice and Men’ shows how there were a shortage of work and describe the lives of two itinerant workers, George and Lennie. George and lennie are the two main characters in the book, and showed the relationship between the two friends. George was small and restless; he had a dark face with restless eyes and sharp strong features. He was bright, quick and clever who looks after the mentally disabled strong ‘Lennie’. Lennie has a child’s mind and is very childlike by wanting to feel soft things. His body is immensely strong and has never learnt how to control his body strength. He is described in terms of an animal because of his strength â€Å"dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paw.† George and Lennie are both workers, moving from ranch-to-ranch searching for jobs in Soledad, which is the Spanish for ‘lonely’. In spite of this each worker has a â€Å"dream†. George and lennie like all workers have had a dream too, †to live off the fatta the lan†, George and Lennie’s dream was to have a farm and then to do their own thing were no-one can allow to push them around or tell them what to do. All men had a dream similar to this, to own a piece of land of there own, this was something on all workers mind, which kept them going. However the novella ends in tragedy. Steinbeck introduces the main characters, George and Lennie early in the book. It is Friday evening and they are on their way to the ranch in Soledad. When the bus driver drops them off, he doesn’t really care. They are shown as victims of society from the beginning of the book, where George and Lennie wanted to be dropped off at the ranch were the bus driver then made them walk ten miles when he said the bus doesn’t go round that end, and while the were walking the saw the bus go by which made George very mad. Steinbeck writes that â€Å"two men emerged from the path and came to the green pool† this is the pool of the Salinas River where the novel starts and ends. The two men are described as complete opposites. Lennie was a big man, but had a mind of a child, which he was mentally disabled. George is like a father to him, George expresses Steinbeck’s attitude towards Lennie as a compassionate and sympathetic person. George and Lennie’s relationship is of friendship and dependence, although they both depend of each other; it seems at first as if Lennie totally depends on George, this is shown when Lennie panics because he thinks he has lost his work card and his bus tickets he says: † George, I aint got mine, I musta lost it† where as there relationship is like a parents child relationship. Through the first paragraph George starts telling Lennie about the future and what they want. He tells Lennie in a child like way of that they want to â€Å"live off the fatta the lan†, with a garden and were Lennie can tend the rabbits. Lennie likes hearing this; it’s like a favorite story where he knows all the words off by heart. In ‘Of Mice and Men’ Steinbeck explores the idea of the American dream. This idea is still prevalent today where people still have a dream, to do something and it basically means that anybody can ‘make it big’ in America. This is based on equality and independence and put forward the idea that everybody can get rich, is free and equal regardless of religion, race or country of origin, and also the American dream promises the freedom from persecution. In order to achieve the dream, you have to work hard. Each character had a dream: Curley’s dream was to just be stronger than anyone. Which he shows his aggressive behavior towards those weaker than himself. Curley’s wife wants to be a film star, which her dream can’t happen as she is married to Curley where he doesn’t allow her to do or speak to anyone apart from himself. It shows that the marriage has failed, maybe, as he can’t satisfy her emotionally or physically. Due to her loneliness she try’s to seek attention with other men and can’t escape from the sexual image of what other men have of her. Because of the circumstances of her own isolation she therefore cultivates this image as a means of getting noticed, to talk to someone. Candy wants to work on his own land and no one to push him around. Crooks is the only black person on the ranch his dream was also to have his own ranch and no one to tell him what to do and to have no racist comments. So for the ranch workers to get this life they will have to work very hard. However for George and Lennie the dream could only ever be a dream. They want to believe in its reality but it is only ever ‘wishful thinking’. George and Lennie’s dream is all to do with having freedom, to not have to be ‘canned’ to not work on days they didn’t want to. They wanted to work in a place and live in a place that is cosy and have of food. And Lennie’s dream is to ‘live off the fatta the lan’ and tend rabbits and other creatures and have a comfortable, rich life where they can have there own independence, but Lennie is volatile, violent, huge and strong. Lennie constantly gets them into trouble, for example: we are first introduced George and Lennie when they flee from weed.† Where Lennie was accused of rape but really didn’t do anything, as he only grabbed the ladies dress to feel the softness of it. There are number of things to suggest the dream is only ever fantasy. Another thing to support this is that they wanted to re-create happier times when they were younger and part of a family Lennie describes his childhood with aunt Clara†¦Ã¢â‚¬ I remember a lady, she gave we mice†. In Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck shows how the badly the workers were treated in the Great Depression they were at mercy of cruel bosses, which in this state in the book was Curley as he was the boss’s son. One key aspect of their dream is that George and Lennie fantasize about better working condition ‘of not getting canned’. One thing Steinbeck explains is the basic needs of companionship, loyalty and having something to look forward to, as without any hope of doing something there’s nothing to look forward to, and nothing to live for. The notion of all the characters in the novella being lonely victims is emphasized. They all have dreams one character in the book is Candy, he is a nice fella, he had lost his right hand in a farm accident and is reduced work of a ranch’swamper’. Candy has a dog that he is devoted to. The other ranch worker despite the dog, as he is old and smells very bad, so they confront Candy to let it out of his misery by shooting the dog, this illustrates the harshness of the relationships and the environment of which Steinbeck describes. It also predicts the end of the novel It is only because of Candy’s offer to join George and Lennie in their dream to buy a ranch that it becomes a possibility of fulfilling their dream. As he said â€Å"s’pose I went in with you guys†. â€Å"They fell into a silence. They looked at on another, amazed. This thing they had never really believed in was coming true†. Steinbeck’s portrayal of Lennie is always compassionate but realistic. He is described in terms of an animal because of his strength. â€Å"Lennie dabbled his paw† He shows a victim of mental disabilities who cannot cope in harsh, unfriendly world. The society of the 1930’s did not make allowance for the mentally ill. George cares for Lennie but is manipulated by him. Lennie has a huge amount of strength and cannot control himself. He has a tendency to panic, which creates a problem like when he broke Curley’s arm as he was trying to struggle out Lennie held on tighter. Lennie never leaves a sight off George but when he is away he tend to get into trouble. Lennie is cunning and aware of this in another sense, and does not and cannot learn from his mistakes and is victim. Another time where he panics was the killing of Curley’s wife he didn’t mean it he just wanted to feel her hair, he is also selfish in ways as he ended up killing her as she was screaming, and all because that George may tell him off and not let him tend the rabbits. In conclusion the only person who achieves their dream is Lennie, as he dies thinking about their dream where George was reciting it to him at the Salinas River, before he dies knowing that the dream was in his mind. Steinbeck successfully shows the working life of that time and the dreams, of what everyone wanted to be ‘to have a rich, and relaxed life’, which people still have that dream today. Steinbeck’s sympathy and compassion for the characters, evident his storytelling is on their side. The title ‘Of mice and Men’ links to the poem ‘To a Mouse’ by Robert burns, he said ‘†¦the best laid schemes o’ mice and men, gang aft agley’. And means ‘no matter how well we may plan the future things often go wrong’. And this is where Steinbeck chose this as a title. Steinbeck’s style is very good and adapts to his subject matter, imagery and dialogue. He tells this story in a convincing way without explaining in detail why everything happened and that it was nobody’s fault in particular events and why they turned out as they did.

Art Appreciation Essay

Whatever form of art we see, its main characteristic is to please our senses. Art expresses the feelings of the artist that can be interpreted by us in various ways. This lesson will discuss the different forms of art, its elements and principles of art design that make our life more enriching. Objectives At the end of the lesson, you will be able to: 1. discuss the different forms of art; 2. distinguish the functions of art; and 3. reflect on the functions of art with regard to their personal contributions to the development of art. Topic Scope of Art There are different forms of art that affect our feelings and emotions. We may define art as a medium through which we express our thoughts, feelings and emotions. It is through art that we can reveal to the world our creativity that exists in our mind and also our deepest feelings. The artist or the doer of the art through his artwork tells a story and conveys a meaning with another human being indirectly but deeply felt. Art has a silent power to move our soul and enlighten our spirits as evidenced when we see displayed artworks elsewhere. Many civilizations are considered great because of their advancement in art. There are different forms of art. In this lesson, we consider these two classes: visual art and performing art. Visual art includes paintings, sculpture, literature, calligraphy, photography and architecture. 1 Manual Title MODULE OF INSTRUCTION Performing arts are all forms of dance, music, theater and films. Art can also be classified as fine art, commercial art, and applied art. Visual Arts Visual art can be explained as a form of art that uses any medium to represent the artist’s idea, emotion and imagination. They are those creations we can look at. Visual arts can be further classified as: Drawing –It is a representation of any form or object by hand. Painting – Paintings are classified according to the style in which they are made as well as the genre and main object of the painting. Still life, landscapes, seascapes, abstract and pop are the different types of painting genres that are popular among artists. Sculpture – Sculptures are also among the different forms of art that falls under visual art that are made in two ways, either chiselled or carved. Calligraphy – The art of writing letters in a manner that it looks visually appealing. It is a form of visual art that has great commercial value and is much sought after Photography – Photography is the art of producing an image of an object on a photographic film. The way the image is captured with the use of light differs from photographer to photographer. Performing Arts There are many forms of arts but the performing art is much appreciated and enjoyed by us – dance, music, films, theatre and drama. Artists that perform these are known as dancers for those who perform dance, musicians for music, actors for films, theatres and drama etc. 2 Manual Title MODULE OF INSTRUCTION Performing arts may be classified as: Dance – It is a non-verbal communication and movement of the body with the accompaniment of music which is delightful and harmonious that conveys the artist’s thoughts, feelings and emotions. Singing – This is an act of producing sound with the voice in a rhythmic manner that is pleasing to the ear. It is often accompanied by the use of musical instruments. Films and Theater – These are forms of art that use stories that capture our imagination. They are performed by artists in front of an audience. Music – It is one of the most admired form of art and is difficult to define. It is any harmonious sound from human voice or musical instrument. It has the power to change our mood, and lift our spirits and move our emotion Applied Art Applied art is a part of visual art that has practical application and functionality. Let us discuss the different types of applied art. Architecture – Architecture is a form of applied art that concerns with designing and building any construction. Fashion Design – Fashion design is the art of designing apparels that are aesthetically pleasing as well as functional. It involves working with different types of fabrics and patterns which are then designed into garments. Great fashion designs are illustrated by the uniqueness and perfection of created styles. Jewelry Design – Jewelry design is also a different form of art and it involves the design of complicated pieces of jewelry from metals, wood or plastic. Wood Crafts – Any object that is made with wood that is beautifully pleasing to the eye and is functional is called wood crafts. Furniture and decor items are examples of woodworking. 3 Manual Title MODULE OF INSTRUCTION Interior Design – The art of planning the design, layout and style of an architectural space, be it home or office is called as interior design. Home furnishings are examples of this. Fine Art Esaak(Arthistory. About. Com) said, Art knows no boundaries and the different art forms are always of help whenever we feel the need to stimulate our senses. Fine Arts are called fine arts because, only the â€Å"fine† people – those who did not do manual labor- studied them. Fine arts are those which have primarily to do with the imagination and taste, and are applied to the production of what is beautiful like painting, sculpture, music, theatre etc. Commercial Art Commercial art is a form of art that includes designing books, advertisements, signs, posters, and other displays to promote sale or acceptance of products, services, or ideas. It is really very confusing for us to distinguish the forms of art because some overlap. For example, some people classify painting as visual art, while others say it is â€Å"fine† art. It is also classified as commercial art because it is created for the purpose of generating sales and income. However, for us to have a common understanding about the arts, we rather consider the arts as visual or performing arts. Functions of Art Every art has definite functions as it satisfies particular needs. To the ordinary man, art may not have much function. For him, he finds art meaningful if it is useful and can serve the purpose of which it was designed. Evidently, architecture is an art that is directly functional because of the usefulness of the buildings that are constructed for a special purpose. In here, architecture allows the artist to express his compassion for beauty. In a building, the function of the building is very clear that it serves to shelter man from harm. Music is used entertain people, soothe their feelings, worship the gods and for rituals. Sculpture and paintings are used to narrate and commemorate events and portray people. Arts and crafts like jewelry, lamps, weapons, tools, ceramics, glassware, electronics, etc. are made for specific purposes.

Careers in Photography essays

Careers in Photography essays A few years ago, the suggestion of photography as a career would not have been taken seriously. Photography was once considered as only a hobby that could possibly get a person some extra pocket money. Today though, photographers are in demand and respected financially. Photography has become a profession that has a great commercial value. It can be a main source of income, and means to a comfortable life. Photography is both a science and an art. It is about artistic expression, where the camera will replace the pen and paint, or tell a story without the words. Photographers need to have many abilities. The most important ones are things such as visualization, arm-hand steadiness, idea generation, and originality. There are a multitude of fields that a photographer can go into. Some of them require more schooling and are very selective, yet some are broad and require less then others. With all of these fields, a person has a wonderful chance of doing anything they want with a photography degree. Portrait photographers take pictures of individuals or groups of people and often work in their own studios. Some specialize in weddings or school photographs and may work directly on location. Some portrait photographers are business owners who arrange for advertising, schedule appointments, set and adjust equipment, develop and retouch negatives, and mount and frame pictures. Also they purchase supplies, keep records, bill customers, and may hire and train employees. Press photographers or photojournalists supply pictures to the national and local press, magazines, or television. They must be versatile with an ability to photograph all kinds of subjects. They must have journalistic instincts, know what makes good news pictures, be able to write accurate captions, work well with reporters, be quick and often work under difficult conditions. In Commercial photography, a photographer takes pictures of building...

Definition of Gerrymander

Definition of Gerrymander To gerrymander is to draw the boundaries of electoral districts in an irregular way so as to create an unfair advantage for a particular political party or faction. The origin of the term gerrymander dates back to the early 1800s in Massachusetts. The word is a combination of the words Gerry, for the states governor, Elbridge Gerry, and salamander, as a particular electoral district was jokingly said to be shaped like a lizard. The practice of creating oddly shaped electoral districts to create advantages has endured for two centuries. Criticisms of the practice can be found in newspapers and books going back to the time of the incident in Massachusetts that inspired the term. And while it has always been viewed as something done wrongfully, nearly all political parties and factions have practiced gerrymandering when given the opportunity. The Drawing of Congressional Districts The United States Constitution specifies that seats in Congress are apportioned according to the U.S. Census (indeed, thats the original reason why the federal government has conducted a census every ten years). And the individual states must create congressional districts which will then elect members of the U.S. House of Representatives. The situation in Massachusetts in 1811 was that the Democrats (who were political followers of Thomas Jefferson, not the later Democratic Party which still exists) held the majority of seats in the state legislature, and could therefore draw the required Congressional districts. The Democrats wanted to thwart the power of their opponents, the Federalists, the party in the tradition of John Adams. A plan was devised to create Congressional districts that would divide any concentrations of Federalists. With the map drawn in an irregular way, small pockets of Federalists would then be residing within districts where they would be heavily outnumbered. The plans to draw these peculiarly shaped districts were, of course, highly controversial. And the lively New England newspapers engaged in quite a battle of words, and, eventually, even pictures. The Coining of the Term Gerrymander There has been dispute over the years of who exactly coined the term gerrymander. An early book on the history of American newspapers stated that the word arose from a meeting of the Boston newspaper editor Benjamin Russell and the famed American painter Gilbert Stuart. In Anecdotes, Personal Memoirs, and Biographies of Literary Men Connected With Newspaper Literature, published in 1852, Joseph T. Buckingham presented the following story: In 1811, when Mr. Gerry was governor of the commonwealth, the legislature made a new division of the districts for the election of representatives to Congress. Both branches then had a Democratic majority. For the purpose of securing a Democratic representative, an absurd and singular arrangement of towns in the county of Essex was made to compose a district. Russell took a map of the county, and designated by a particular coloring the towns thus selected. He then hung the map on the wall of his editorial closet. One day, Gilbert Stuart, the celebrated painter, looked at the map, and said the towns, which Russell had thus distinguished, formed a picture resembling some monstrous animal. He took a pencil, and, with a few touches, added what might be supposed to represent claws. There, said Stuart, that will do for a salamander.Russell, who was busy with his pen, looked up at the hideous figure, and exclaimed, Salamander! Call it Gerrymander!The word became a proverb, and, for many years, was in popular use among the Federalists as a term of reproach to the Democratic legislature, which had distinguished itself by this act of political turpitude. An engraving of the Gerrymander  was made, and hawked about the state, which had some effect in annoying the Democratic Party. The word gerrymander, often rendered in hyphenated form as gerry-mander, began to appear in New England newspapers in March 1812. For instance, the Boston Repertory, on March 27, 1812, published an illustration representing the oddly shaped Congressional district as a lizard with claws, teeth, and even the wings of a mythical dragon. A headline described it as A New Species of Monster. In the text below the illustration an editorial said: The district may be exhibited as a Monster. It is the offspring of moral and political depravity. It was created to drown the real voice of the majority of the citizens in the country of Essex, where it is well known there is a large federal majority. Outrage Over the Gerry-Mander Monster Faded Though New England newspapers blasted the newly drawn district and the politicians who created it, other newspapers in 1812 reported the same phenomenon had occurred elsewhere. And the practice had been given a lasting name. Incidentally, Elbridge Gerry, the Massachusetts governor whose name wound up being the basis for the term, was the leader of the Jeffersonian Democrats in the state at the time. But there is some dispute whether he even approved of the scheme to draw the oddly shaped district. Gerry had been a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and had a long career of political service. Having his name dragged into the conflict over the Congressional districts seemed not to harm him, and was a successful vice-presidential candidate in the election of 1812. Gerry died in 1814 while serving as vice president in the administration of President James Madison. Gratitude is expressed to the New York Public Library Digital Collections for the use of the early 19th century illustration of The Gerry-Mander.

RHETORICAL ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

RHETORICAL ANALYSIS - Essay Example Firstly, this bumper sticker is not particularly clear. Yes, the exact words it says are clear, and exactly what they mean are clear, but one is left wondering what the broader interpretation should be – are you arguing against automated answering services? Is this a political stance that English should be the National Language? Do you dislike buttons in general for no particular reason? This bumper sticker’s fundamental point is not clear. Though this bumper sticker fails on the clarity test, it does actually pass the simplicity one. Everything is simple about this, perhaps too simple, which impedes clarity. But one cannot argue this is too complex for a bumper sticker. Finally, a successful bumper sticker has to be amusing. Usually good bumper sticker includes some kind of joke or pun, something that will make someone actually happy they paid attention to it. This bumper sticker is in no way interesting. If someone walks up to you and tells a joke, you will be inclined to listen to it. If someone walks up to you and says â€Å"I shouldn’t have to press 1 for English† you will be mad at them for wasting your time. This bumper sticker, by not being interesting, wastes your